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Sign language in the brain
Sign language, as opposed to vocally speaking, refers to the way people communicate using physical visual-spacing communication and body language. It has been determined that the brain's left side is the dominant side utilized for producing and understanding sign language, just as it is for speech. Signers with damage in the Wernicke's area (left hemisphere) of the brain have comprehension problems, while those with damage in the Broca's area (also left hemisphere) have production problems with signing.
==Brain centers responsible for language processing==
In 1861, Paul Broca studied patients with the ability to understand spoken languages but the inability to produce them. The damaged area was named Broca's area, and located in the left hemisphere’s inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44, 45).〔Dronkers NF, Plaisant O, Iba-Zizen MT, and Cabanis EA (2007) Paul Broca's historic cases: high resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong. Brain 130.5: 1432-441.〕 Soon after, in 1874, Carl Wernicke studied patients with the reverse deficits: patients could produce spoken language, but could not comprehend it. The damaged area was named Wernicke's area, and is located in the left hemisphere’s posterior superior temporal gyrus.〔Hickok G, Bellugi U and Klima, ES (2011) Sign language in the brain. Scientific American June: 46-53.〕
It was noted that Broca’s area was near the part of the motor cortex controlling the face and mouth. Likewise, Wernicke's area was near the auditory cortex.〔 These motor and auditory areas are important in spoken language processing and production. For this reason, the left hemisphere was described as the verbal hemisphere, with the right hemisphere deemed to be responsible for spatial tasks.〔
The debate then arose around sign languages. What was the brain organization of these languages? It was hypothesized that the deaf-equivalent of Broca's aphasia arose from damage somewhere near the cortex controlling the movement of the hands, and the deaf-equivalent of Wernicke's aphasia arose from damage near the visual cortex.〔 However, that has not turned out to be the correct description of sign language in the brain, a finding which has changed our understanding of how language is organized in the brain more generally.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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